「雖然下雨,我們還是去爬山了」,這種表達轉折、讓步的句子,在英文裡有好幾種說法:although、though、even though、however、but、despite、in spite of。它們意思接近,但文法位置和標點各不相同,用錯了很容易出現句子結構錯誤。這篇文章幫你整理這些轉折詞的差異,特別處理台灣學生最常犯的 although 加 but 問題。
although、though、even though:後面接完整子句
這三個字都是從屬連接詞,後面要接一個有主詞和動詞的完整子句。
- Although it was raining, we went hiking. 雖然下著雨,我們還是去爬山了。
- We went hiking although it was raining. 我們還是去爬山了,雖然下著雨。
- Even though he was tired, he kept working. 即使他很累,還是繼續工作。
三者的差別在於語氣:although 最中性,正式和口語都能用;though 比較口語;even though 語氣最強,帶有「即使、儘管」的強調。though 還可以放在句尾當副詞,例如 The food was good. The service was slow, though,意思是「不過服務很慢」,這是口語中很常見的用法。
最常見的錯誤:although 和 but 一起用
中文習慣說「雖然……但是……」,所以很多人會寫 Although it was raining, but we went hiking。在英文中,although 和 but 都是連接詞,一個句子只需要一個連接詞來連接兩個子句,同時使用就會重複,這是非常典型的中式英文錯誤。
- 錯誤:Although he is rich, but he is not happy.
- 正確:Although he is rich, he is not happy.
- 正確:He is rich, but he is not happy.
記住口訣:although 和 but,二選一。
despite、in spite of:後面接名詞或 V-ing
despite 和 in spite of 是介系詞,後面不能接完整子句,只能接名詞、代名詞或動名詞。
- Despite the rain, we went hiking. 儘管下雨,我們還是去爬山了。
- In spite of feeling sick, she went to work. 儘管身體不舒服,她還是去上班了。
- Despite being the youngest, he became the team leader. 儘管年紀最小,他還是成為了組長。
常見錯誤是寫成 Despite it was raining,這是把 despite 當連接詞用。如果一定要接子句,可以用 despite the fact that,例如 Despite the fact that it was raining, we went hiking,不過這樣寫比較長,通常直接改用 although 更簡潔。另外要注意 despite 後面不加 of,不能寫 despite of。
however:連接兩個句子的副詞
however 是轉折副詞,不是連接詞,所以不能像 but 一樣直接把兩個子句接在一起。它通常放在第二個句子的開頭,後面加逗號,或是用分號連接兩個句子。
- The plan was good. However, it was too expensive. 這個計畫很好,然而太貴了。
- The plan was good; however, it was too expensive. 這個計畫很好;然而太貴了。
- 錯誤:The plan was good, however it was too expensive. 用逗號直接接兩個完整句子,結構不正確。
however 也可以放在句子中間,例如 The plan, however, was too expensive,語氣比較正式。在寫作中,however 比 but 正式,適合用在報告、論文和正式 email。
but:最簡單的對等連接詞
but 是最常用、最口語的轉折連接詞,連接兩個對等的子句,前面通常加逗號。
- I wanted to go, but I was too busy. 我很想去,但是太忙了。
雖然很多老師說句子不要用 But 開頭,但在現代英文寫作中,偶爾用 But 開頭來強調轉折是可以接受的,只是在非常正式的文件中,還是建議用 However。
用一個句子看所有寫法
同樣表達「雖然天氣不好,比賽還是照常舉行」,可以有以下幾種寫法:
- Although the weather was bad, the game went ahead.
- The weather was bad, but the game went ahead.
- Despite the bad weather, the game went ahead.
- In spite of the bad weather, the game went ahead.
- The weather was bad. However, the game went ahead.
這五句意思幾乎相同,差別在於文法結構和正式程度。寫作時交替使用不同的轉折詞,可以讓文章更有變化,不會一直重複 but。
練習方法
選一個你最近遇到的「雖然……但是……」情境,例如雖然很累還是去運動、雖然很貴還是買了,用上面五種寫法各寫一次。寫完後檢查三件事:although 後面是不是完整子句、despite 後面是不是名詞或 V-ing、however 前面是不是句號或分號。這個練習只需要幾分鐘,但能有效改掉 although 加 but 和 despite 加子句的錯誤。如果能請老師或朋友幫忙批改,效果會更好,因為這類錯誤自己往往很難察覺,需要旁人提醒才會注意到。
寫作時如何選擇
如果你在寫正式的報告或學術文章,建議多使用 although、however 和 despite,避免一直使用 but,這樣文章會顯得更成熟。如果是寫給朋友的訊息或日常聊天,用 but 和 though 就很自然,不需要刻意使用正式的轉折詞。
另外,轉折詞的位置也會影響強調的重點。把 although 子句放在句首,讀者會先看到讓步的部分,再看到真正想強調的結果;放在句尾,則是先講結果,再補充背景。例如 Although the test was difficult, I passed 強調的是「我通過了」,而 I passed, although the test was difficult 則有一點「順便一提考試很難」的感覺。根據你想讓讀者注意的重點,選擇適當的句子順序,就能讓表達更精準。
常見錯誤再整理
- although 和 but 同時使用。
- despite 後面接完整子句,或寫成 despite of。
- however 前面只用逗號連接兩個完整句子。
- 把 even though 寫成 even although,這種說法並不存在。
常見問題
while 和 whereas 也可以表達對比,例如 My brother loves sports, while I prefer reading,意思是「我哥哥喜歡運動,而我比較喜歡閱讀」。它們著重在兩件事的對照,而不是「雖然……卻……」的讓步,使用時可以依照想表達的意思選擇。
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